• When: March 5-7, 2021
• Where: ReaperVirtual.com
• Admission: FREE!

• Reaper Death Seal
• Reaper Daw
• Reaper Recording Software
• Reaper Definition

What is Reaper Virtual Expo?

Reaper Death Seal

Reaper Virtual Expo, or RVE, is Reaper Miniatures’ free online event! RVE brings the best miniatures artists inthe world together to provide online classes and panels covering a wide selection of hobby interests.

Since 2004, Reaper Miniatures has been bringing people together to connect their hobby and love ofminiature painting, tabletop gaming and geek culture. In 2020, we held ReaperCon 2020 Online – our firstonline convention – with great success!

Reaper is a sensible Windows application designed for the recording, arrangement, editing, mixing and rendering of audio. Reaper provides a flexible but easy to use interface that is equally.

• REAPER is a DAW that has been steadily solidifying its reputation in recent years. Customisable and with a small price tag, it’s a DAW that puts users first. The brain behind the REAPER was also instrumental in another influential software.
• Mission The Reaper is employed primarily as an intelligence-collection asset and secondarily against dynamic execution targets. Given its significant loiter time, wide-range sensors, multi-mode communications suite, and precision weapons, it provides a unique capability to perform strike, coordination, and reconnaissance against high-value, fleeting, and time-sensitive targets.
• Reaper bears resemblance to the Grim Reaper, from various real-world cultures. Reaper's stance bears resemblance to the Diablo III antagonist Malthael. Reaper's face mask's design is similar to the Blackwatch logo as well as his emblem, possibly to highlight that he was the leader of the group or they all symbolize an owl which represents death.
• Reaper, originally known as Gabriel Reyes, is a playable character in the 2016 video gameOverwatch and it's sequel Overwatch 2 as one of the main antagonists of the game's lore. He is a mercenary who was originally a founding member of Overwatch before he defected from them and became one of the leaders of Talon's council. He is also the main antagonist of the animated short 'Recall' and one.

ReaperCon Online 2020 was an amazing experience and we learned so much. Most of what we absorbed isthat a massive part of our fanbase is unable to physically attend ReaperCon. For that reason, we are startingour annual Reaper Virtual Expo. This online event will allow fans around the world to participate in their hobbyfrom the safety and comfort of their own home.

As with ReaperCon, each show will have a unique theme. In 2021, Cyberpunk is our theme complete with newfactions, new miniatures and new stories.

What is there to do?

• Miniature painting classes
• Sculpting classes
• Airbrush classes
• Conversion and modeling classes
• Hobby centric discussion panels
• RPG and tabletop game events
• Access to individual artist chat rooms
• Dealer and sponsor area
• Prizes and activities throughout the show

How do I attend?

• Just make plans to attend. It really is that simple.
• Do you need to pre-register? No
• Do you need to buy supplies? No
• Are classes and events limited in size? No
• Do you need to buy special software? No
• Are we serious? Yes

Who will be doing these classes and events?

Hobbyists like you from around the world that will be streamed in for their particular classes or events.

Last years event had showcases from:

• Aaron Lovejoy of Miniature Monthly
• Rhonda Bender of Bird with a Brush
• Michael Proctor of The Crow’s Nest
• Michal Schultz of Mocha Miniatures
• Ian Markon
• David Cecil
• Erin Hartwell
• Holly Monster
• Art of Mike Disney
• Jimmy the Brush and Princess

Make plans to attend and stay tuned for updates about upcoming events by subscribing to our newsletter! Can’t wait? Then check out our year-round content and community on Twitch and Discord!

A reaper is a farm implement or person that reaps (cuts and often also gathers) crops at harvest when they are ripe. Usually the crop involved is a cereal grass. The first documented reaping machines were Gallic reaper that was used in modern-day France during Roman times. The Gallic reaper involved a comb which collected the heads, with an operator knocking the grain into a box for later threshing.^[1]

Most modern mechanical reapers cut the grass; most also gather it, either by windrowing it or picking it up. Modern machines that not only cut and gather the grass but also thresh its seeds (the grain), winnow the grain, and deliver it to a truck or wagon it are called combine harvesters or simply combines; they are the engineering descendants of earlier reapers.

Hay is harvested somewhat differently from grain; in modern haymaking, the machine that cuts the grass is called a hay mower or, if integrated with a conditioner, a mower-conditioner. As a manual task, cutting of both grain and hay may be called reaping, involving scythes, sickles, and cradles, followed by differing downstream steps. Traditionally all such cutting could be called reaping, although a distinction between reaping of grain grasses and mowing of hay grasses has long existed; it was only after a decade of attempts at combined grain reaper/hay mower machines (1830s to 1840s) that designers of mechanical implements began resigning them to separate classes.^[2]

Mechanical reapers substantially changed agriculture from their appearance in the 1830s until the 1860s through 1880s, when they evolved into related machines, often called by different names (self-raking reaper, harvester, reaper-binder, grain binder, binder), that collected and bound the sheaves of grain with wire or twine.^[3]

Hand reaping[edit]

Hand reaping is done by various means, including plucking the ears of grains directly by hand, cutting the grain stalks with a sickle, cutting them with a scythe, or a scythe fitted with a grain cradle. Reaping is usually distinguished from mowing, which uses similar implements, but is the traditional term for cutting grass for hay, rather than reaping cereals. The stiffer, dryer straw of the cereal plants and the greener grasses for hay usually demand different blades on the machines.

The reaped grain stalks are gathered into sheaves (bunches), tied with string or with a twist of straw. Several sheaves are then leant against each other with the ears off the ground to dry out, forming a stook. After drying, the sheaves are gathered from the field and stacked, being placed with the ears inwards, then covered with thatch or a tarpaulin; this is called a stack or rick. In the British Isles a rick of sheaves is traditionally called a corn rick, to distinguish it from a hay rick ('corn' in British English retains its older sense of 'grain' generally, not 'maize'). Ricks are made in an area inaccessible to livestock, called a rick-yard or stack-yard. The corn-rick is later broken down and the sheaves threshed to separate the grain from the straw.

Collecting spilt grain from the field after reaping is called gleaning, and is traditionally done either by hand, or by penning animals such as chickens or pigs onto the field.

Hand reaping is now rarely done in industrialized countries, but is still the normal method where machines are unavailable or where access for them is limited (such as on narrow terraces).

The more or less skeletal figure of a reaper with a scythe – known as the 'Grim Reaper' – is a common personification of death in many Western traditions and cultures. In this metaphor, death harvests the living, like a farmer harvests the crops.

Mechanical reaping[edit]

A mechanical reaper or reaping machine is a mechanical, semi-automated device that harvests crops. Mechanical reapers and their descendant machines have been an important part of mechanized agriculture and a main feature of agricultural productivity.

Mechanical reapers in the U.S.[edit]

The 19th century saw several inventors in the United States claim innovation in mechanical reapers. The various designs competed with each other, and were the subject of several lawsuits.^[4]

Obed Hussey in Ohio patented a reaper in 1833, the Hussey Reaper.^[5]Made in Baltimore, Maryland, Hussey's design was a major improvement in reaping efficiency. The new reaper only required two horses working in a non-strenuous manner, a man to work the machine, and another person to drive. In addition, the Hussey Reaper left an even and clean surface after its use.^[6]

The McCormick Reaper was designed by Robert McCormick in Walnut Grove, Virginia. However, Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device. His son Cyrus asked for permission to try to complete his father's project. With permission granted,^[7] the McCormick Reaper was patented^[8] by his son Cyrus McCormick in 1834 as a horse-drawn farm implement to cut small grain crops.^[9] This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements:

• a main wheel frame
• projected to the side a platform containing a cutter bar having fingers through which reciprocated a knife driven by a crank
• upon the outer end of the platform was a divider projecting ahead of the platform to separate the grain to be cut from that to be left standing
• a reel was positioned above the platform to hold the grain against the reciprocating knife to throw it back upon the platform
• the machine was drawn by a team walking at the side of the grain.^[10]

Cyrus McCormick claimed that his reaper was actually invented in 1831, giving him the true claim to the general design of the machine. Over the next few decades the Hussey and McCormick reapers would compete with each other in the marketplace, despite being quite similar. By the 1850s, the original patents of both Hussey and McCormick had expired and many other manufacturers put similar machines on the market.^[11]

In 1861, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a ruling on the invention of the polarizing reaper design. It was determined that the money made from reapers was in large part due to Obed Hussey. S.T. Shubert, the acting commissioner of patents, declared that Hussey's improvements were the foundation of their success. It was ruled that the heirs of Obed Hussey would be monetarily compensated for his hard work and innovation by those who had made money from the reaper. It was also ruled that McCormick's reaper patent would be renewed for another 7 years.^[5]

Although the McCormick reaper was a revolutionary innovation for the harvesting of crops, it did not experience mainstream success and acceptance until at least 20 years after it was patented by Cyrus McCormick. This was because the McCormick reaper lacked a quality unique to Obed Hussey's reaper. Hussey's reaper used a sawlike cutter bar that cut stalks far more effectively than McCormick's. Only once Cyrus McCormick was able to acquire the rights to Hussey's cutter-bar mechanism (around 1850) did a truly revolutionary machine emerge.^[12] Other factors in the gradual uptake of mechanized reaping included natural cultural conservatism among farmers (proven tradition versus new and unknown machinery); the poor state of many new farm fields, which were often littered with rocks, stumps, and areas of uneven soil, making the lifespan and operability of a reaping machine questionable; and some amount of fearful Luddism among farmers that the machine would take away jobs, most especially among hired manual labourers.^[13]

Another strong competitor in the industry was the Manny Reaper by John Henry Manny and the companies that succeeded him. Even though McCormick has sometimes been simplistically credited as the [sole] 'inventor' of the mechanical reaper, a more accurate statement is that he independently reinvented aspects of it, created a crucial original integration of enough aspects to make a successful whole, and benefited from the influence of more than two decades of work by his father, as well as the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family.^[14]

Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century[edit]

After the first reapers were developed and patented, other slightly different reapers were distributed by several manufacturers throughout the world. The Champion (Combined) Reapers and Mowers, produced by the Champion Interest group (Champion Machine Company, later Warder, Bushnell & Gessner, absorbed in IHC 1902) in Springfield, Ohio in the second half of the 19th century, were highly successful in the 1880s in the United States.^[15] Springfield is still known as 'The Champion City'.

Generally, reapers developed into the 1872 invented reaper-binder, which reaped the crop and bound it into sheaves. By 1896, 400,000 reaper-binders were estimated to be harvesting grain.^{[clarification needed (number for the US only?)]} This was in turn replaced by the swather and eventually the combine harvester, which reaps and threshes in one operation.

Reaper Daw

In Central European agriculture reapers were – together with reaper-binders – common machines until the mid-20th century.

References[edit]

1. ^Chuksin, Petr. 'The History of the Gallic Reaper'. History of Gallic Reaper.
2. ^McCormick 1931, pp. 59–60 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcCormick1931 (help).
3. ^McCormick 1931, pp. 67–72 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcCormick1931 (help).
4. ^McCormick 1931 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcCormick1931 (help).
5. ^ ^abFollet L. Greeno, ed. (1912). Obed Hussey: Who, of All Inventors, Made Bread Cheap.
6. ^Colman, Gould P. (July 1968). 'Innovation and Diffusion in Agriculture'. Agricultural History. 42: 173–188.
7. ^Bowman, Jeffrey (2006). Cyrus Hall McCormick.
8. ^U.S. Patent X8277Improvement in Machines for Reaping Small Grain: Cyrus H. McCormick, June 21, 1834
9. ^Daniel, Gross (August 1997). Forbes Greatest Business Stories of All Time (First ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 27. ISBN978-0-471-19653-2.
10. ^'Agricultural Machinery in the 1800s'. Scientific American. 75 (4): 74–76. July 25, 1896. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican07251896-74.
11. ^Canine, Craig. Dream Reaper: The Story of an Old-Fashioned Inventor in the High-Tech, High-Stakes World of Modern Agriculture. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. Pages 29-45.
12. ^Olmstead, Alan L. (June 1975). 'The Mechanization of Reaping and Mowing in American Agriculture'. The Journal of Economic History. 35 (2): 327. doi:10.1017/s0022050700075082.
13. ^Pripps, Robert N.; Morland, Andrew (photographer) (1993), Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors, Farm Tractor Color History Series, Osceola, WI, USA: MBI, ISBN978-0-87938-763-1, p. 17.CS1 maint: postscript (link)
14. ^'Jo Anderson'. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
15. ^'William N. Whiteley'. Ohio History Central. 2007-01-09. Retrieved 2012-08-04.

Bibliography[edit]

Works Cited[edit]

• McCormick, Cyrus Hall, III (1931), The Century of the Reaper, Houghton Mifflin, LCCN31009940, OCLC559717.

Further reading[edit]

• Hutchinson, William T. (1930), Cyrus Hall McCormick: Seed-Time, 1809-1856, 1, Century Company, OCLC6991369.
• Hutchinson, William T. (1930), Cyrus Hall McCormick: Harvest, 1856-1884, 2, Century Company, OCLC1651671.
• Winder, Gordon M. (2016) [2013], The American Reaper: Harvesting Networks and Technology, 1830-1910, Routledge, ISBN9781317045151, OCLC940862197.

External links[edit]

Reaper Recording Software

Reaper Definition